Introduction
- Rice is an important food crop of India it has the world’s largest area (28%) covering 42.3 million hectares with a total production of 80 million tonnes annually.
- Its area is 37% of the total area under food against as against 20% under wheat, another important food crop.
- But globally it stands next to wheat in harvested area.
- It is grown in diversified soil, topographical and hydrological situations ranging from sloppy uplands to deep-water areas of above 1 metre depth.
- It is adapted to cold temperatures that exist in hilly areas and also in the adverse soil conditions such as salinity, alkalinity and acidity.
- It is a staple food crop of 60 per cent of world’s population.
- Mostly it is cooked with water.
- Other edible uses includes rice flakes and puffed rice, rice wafers and canned rice.
- It is also used starch and brewing industries.
- The byproduct of rice milling i.e., rice husk and bran are used as a cattle and poultry feed.
- Hard board and paper industries also uses these byproducts.
- Rice bran oil is used in cooking after refinement.
- It is also used in making soap.
- Rice straw is good cattle feed as well as it is also used in marking hats, mats and ropes.
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Origin and Distribution
- Rice is an important food crop of India it has the world’s largest area (28%) covering 42.3 million hectares with a total production of 80 million tonnes annually.
- Its area is 37% of the total area under food against as against 20% under wheat, another important food crop.
- But globally it stands next to wheat in harvested area.
- It is grown in diversified soil, topographical and hydrological situations ranging from sloppy uplands to deep-water areas of above 1 metre depth.
- It is adapted to cold temperatures that exist in hilly areas and also in the adverse soil conditions such as salinity, alkalinity and acidity.
- It is a staple food crop of 60 per cent of world’s population.
- Mostly it is cooked with water.
- Other edible uses includes rice flakes and puffed rice, rice wafers and canned rice.
- It is also used starch and brewing industries.
- The byproduct of rice milling i.e., rice husk and bran are used as a cattle and poultry feed.
- Hard board and paper industries also uses these byproducts.
- Rice bran oil is used in cooking after refinement.
- It is also used in making soap.
- Rice straw is good cattle feed as well as it is also used in marking hats, mats and ropes.
Origin
- Rice is regarded as a first cultivated crop of Asia.
- Preserved rice grains were found in China around 3000 B.C.
- Paddy grains found during excavation at Hastinapur (India) around 1000-750 B.C. considered as a oldest sample in the world.
- Southwest Himalayas has various types and varieties and indicated probable centre of origin.
- De Condolle (1886) mentioned south India is its centre of origin.
- Thus based on all this Archaeological evidences India is considered centre of origin of Rice.
Distribution
- Rice cultivation is limited to as far as north as 49 degrees in Czechoslovakia and as far as south as 35 degrees in new South Wales.
- But most of the world’s rice is grown in tropics which includes countries of south and south East Asia, West Africa and central and south America.
- India stands first in area and second with regards to production.
- China is first. Area and production of important rice growing countries is given below:
- Rice is grown through out India in all the states.
- It is cosmopolitan crop grown in high altitude hills and also in regions below mean sea level.
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Area and production
- Rice is grown through out India in all the states. It is cosmopolitan crop grown in high altitude hills and also in regions below mean sea level.
- The major rice growing states in India are West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh where 69.8 % of area exists.
- Rice area under assured irrigation is around 48.3% of the total area.
- Highest percentage area under irrigated condition exists in the states of Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh.
- In eastern India rainfed rice predominates over irrigated rice.
Rice Area, Production and Productivity in the World
Country
|
Area in Ha.
|
Production in Mt
|
Productivity in Kg/Ha
|
|
2011
|
2012
|
2011
|
2012
|
2011
|
2012
|
Australia |
75,783
|
103,115
|
723,283
|
918,733
|
9544
|
8910
|
Bangladesh |
12,000,000
|
11,553,452
|
50,627,000
|
33,889,632
|
4219
|
2933
|
Brazil |
2,752,891
|
2,413,288
|
13,476,994
|
11,549,881
|
4896
|
4786
|
China |
30,311,295
|
30,557,000
|
202,667,173
|
205,985,229
|
6686
|
6741
|
India |
43,970,000
|
42,500,000
|
157,900,000
|
152,600,000
|
3591
|
3591
|
Indonesia |
13,201,316
|
13,443,443
|
65,740,946
|
69,045,141
|
4980
|
5136
|
Kazakhstan |
93,200
|
93,050
|
346,800
|
350,800
|
3721
|
3770
|
Nigeria |
2,579,540
|
2,685,000
|
4,567,320
|
4,833,000
|
1771
|
1800
|
Pakistan |
2,571,200
|
2,700,000
|
9,194,000
|
9,400,000
|
3576
|
3482
|
Russia |
207,200
|
191,600
|
1,055,570
|
1,051,891
|
5095
|
5490
|
Thailand |
11,944,320
|
12,600,000
|
34,588,355
|
37,800,000
|
2896
|
3000
|
USA |
1,059,070
|
1,083,760
|
8,388,780
|
9,048,220
|
7921
|
8349
|
World
|
163,626,363
|
163,199,090
|
724,959,981
|
719,738,273
|
4431
|
4410
|
Source : FAOstat citation
Gross area, production and yield under rice in India
Years/ Particulars
|
Area (million hectares)
|
Production (million tonnes)
|
Yield (kg/ha)
|
1960-61
|
34.1
|
34.6
|
1013
|
1970-71
|
37.6
|
42.2
|
1123
|
1980-81
|
40.1
|
53.6
|
1336
|
1990-91
|
42.7
|
74.3
|
1740
|
1997-98
|
43.4
|
82.5
|
1900
|
1998-99
|
44.6
|
86.0
|
1928
|
1999-2000
|
45.16
|
89.68
|
1986
|
2000-01
|
44.71
|
84.98
|
1901
|
2001-02
|
44.62
|
93.34
|
2086
|
2002-03
|
40.41
|
75.72
|
1874
|
2003-04
|
42.59
|
88.53
|
2077
|
2004-05
|
41.91
|
83.13
|
1984
|
2005-06
|
43.66
|
91.79
|
2102
|
2006-07
|
43.81
|
93.35
|
2131
|
2007-08
|
43.77
|
96.43
|
2203
|
2008-09
|
45.54
|
99.18
|
2178
|
2009-10
|
41.92
|
89.09
|
2125
|
2010-11
|
42.86
|
95.98
|
2239
|
2011-12
|
44.01
|
105.30
|
2393
|
2012-13
|
42.41
|
104.40
|
2462
|
Source : Department of Agriculture Co-operation.
State wise Area, Production and Productivity of
rice in India during 2012 - 13
State
|
Area in 000' Ha.
|
Produciton in 000' tonnes
|
Productivity (kg/ha)
|
Andhra Pradesh (Composite) |
11510.0
|
3628.0
|
3173
|
Assam |
5128.5
|
2488.2
|
2061
|
Bihar |
7529.3
|
3298.9
|
2282
|
Chhattisgarh |
6608.8
|
3784.8
|
1746
|
Gujarat |
1541.0
|
701.0
|
2198
|
Haryana |
3976.0
|
1215.0
|
3272
|
Himachal Pradesh |
125.3
|
76.9
|
1629
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
818.1
|
261.7
|
3126
|
Jharkhand |
3164.9
|
1414.5
|
2238
|
Karnataka |
3364.0
|
1278.0
|
2632
|
Kerala |
508.3
|
197.3
|
2577
|
Madhya Pradesh |
2775.0
|
1882.6
|
1474
|
Maharashtra |
3057.0
|
1557.0
|
1963
|
Orissa |
7295.4
|
4022.8
|
1814
|
Punjab |
11374.0
|
2845.0
|
3998
|
Rajasthan |
222.5
|
125.6
|
1771
|
Tamilnadu |
4049.9
|
1493.1
|
2712
|
Uttar Pradesh |
14416.0
|
5861.0
|
2460
|
Uttarakhand |
579.8
|
262.8
|
2206
|
West Bengal |
15023.7
|
5444.3
|
2760
|
Others |
2173.9
|
915.4
|
2375
|
All-India |
105241.4
|
42753.9
|
2462
|
Source : Department of Agriculture Co-operation.
Area and Production of Rice in Karnataka
Years |
Area ‘000 ha
|
Production ‘000 tons
|
Yield kg/ha
|
1972-73 |
1011.0
|
1749.0
|
1730
|
1973-74 |
1150.0
|
2131.0
|
1850
|
1974-75 |
1173.0
|
1986.0
|
1690
|
1975-76 |
1194.0
|
2259.0
|
1890
|
1976-77 |
963.0
|
1481.0
|
1540
|
1977-78 |
1096.0
|
2281.0
|
2080
|
1978-79 |
1098.0
|
2175.0
|
1980
|
1979-80 |
1174.0
|
2370.0
|
2020
|
1980-81 |
1101.0
|
2208.0
|
2010
|
1981-82 |
1167.0
|
2364.0
|
2030
|
1982-83 |
1111.0
|
2101.0
|
1890
|
1983-84 |
1194.0
|
2292.0
|
1920
|
1984-85 |
1183.0
|
2375.0
|
2010
|
1985-86 |
1096.0
|
1943.0
|
1770
|
1986-87 |
1166.0
|
2313.0
|
1980
|
1987-88 |
1048.0
|
1894.0
|
1810
|
1988-89 |
1238.0
|
2510.0
|
2030
|
1989-90 |
1183.4
|
2376.9
|
2010
|
1990-91 |
1173.2
|
2415.3
|
2060
|
1991-92 |
1268.8
|
2826.1
|
2230
|
1992-93 |
1316.6
|
3068.7
|
2330
|
1993-94 |
1373.8
|
3182.8
|
2320
|
1994-95 |
1295.6
|
3167.5
|
2440
|
1995-96 |
1268.6
|
3018.7
|
2380
|
1996-97 |
1359.0
|
3212.0
|
2488
|
1997-98 |
1353.0
|
3213.0
|
2499
|
1998-99 |
1425.0
|
3605.0
|
2663
|
1999-2000 |
1399.0
|
3285.0
|
2472
|
2000-01 |
1484.0
|
3847.0
|
2730
|
2001-02 |
1418.0
|
3170.0
|
2353
|
2002-03 |
1154.0
|
2237.0
|
2039
|
2003-04 |
1074.0
|
2550.0
|
2500
|
2004-05 |
1308.0
|
3706.0
|
2982
|
2005-06 |
1485.0
|
3999.0
|
2834
|
2006-07 |
1396.0
|
3646.0
|
2750
|
2007-08 |
1486.0
|
3869.0
|
2875
|
2008-09 |
1514.0
|
4031.0
|
2803
|
2009-10 |
1486.0
|
3876.0
|
2745
|
2010-11 |
1539.0
|
4297.0
|
2938
|
2011-12 |
1416.0
|
3955.0
|
2940
|
Source: Department of Agriculture, Karnataka.
District-wise Area, Production and Yield of Rice
in Karnataka during 2009-2010
Districts |
Area in Ha
|
Production in Tonnes
|
Productivity Tonnes/ha
|
Bangalore (Urban) |
2041
|
6016
|
2.95
|
Bangalore (Rural) |
1667
|
7189
|
4.31
|
Kolar |
7096
|
12830
|
1.81
|
Tumkur |
36335
|
92959
|
2.56
|
Shimoga |
133259
|
319806
|
2.40
|
Mysore |
123650
|
381919
|
3.09
|
Mandya |
79961
|
263413
|
3.29
|
Kodagu |
34844
|
85137
|
2.44
|
Hassan |
47659
|
127886
|
2.68
|
Chickmagalur |
43642
|
108173
|
2.48
|
Uttara Kannada |
80272
|
155245
|
1.93
|
Bijapur |
27
|
77
|
2.85
|
Belgaum |
71888
|
84042
|
1.17
|
Dhakshanakannada |
54899
|
124141
|
2.26
|
Raichur |
176440
|
492337
|
2.79
|
Bellary |
120414
|
380920
|
3.16
|
Gulbarga |
79472 7
|
180692
|
2.2
|
Dharwad |
26958
|
31584
|
1.17
|
Bidar |
5039
|
3857
|
0.77
|
Bagalkot |
133
|
381
|
2.86
|
ChamarajaNagar |
17114
|
45717
|
2.67
|
Davanagere |
137449
|
469296
|
3.41
|
Gadag |
2012
|
3722
|
1.85
|
Haveri |
49995
|
60166
|
1.20
|
Koppal |
73955
|
245406
|
3.32
|
Udupi |
57509
|
138204
|
2.40
|
Source:DACNET
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