Rice

History

Introduction Origin and Distribution Area and production


Introduction

  • Rice is an important food crop of India it has the world’s largest area (28%) covering 42.3 million hectares with a total production of 80 million tonnes annually.
  • Its area is 37% of the total area under food against as against 20% under wheat, another important food crop.
  • But globally it stands next to wheat in harvested area.
  • It is grown in diversified soil, topographical and hydrological situations ranging from sloppy uplands to deep-water areas of above 1 metre depth.
  • It is adapted to cold temperatures that exist in hilly areas and also in the adverse soil conditions such as salinity, alkalinity and acidity.
  • It is a staple food crop of 60 per cent of world’s population.
  • Mostly it is cooked with water.
  • Other edible uses includes rice flakes and puffed rice, rice wafers and canned rice.
  • It is also used starch and brewing industries.
  • The byproduct of rice milling i.e., rice husk and bran are used as a cattle and poultry feed.
  • Hard board and paper industries also uses these byproducts.
  • Rice bran oil is used in cooking after refinement.
  • It is also used in making soap.
  • Rice straw is good cattle feed as well as it is also used in marking hats, mats and ropes.

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Origin and Distribution

  • Rice is an important food crop of India it has the world’s largest area (28%) covering 42.3 million hectares with a total production of 80 million tonnes annually.
  • Its area is 37% of the total area under food against as against 20% under wheat, another important food crop.
  • But globally it stands next to wheat in harvested area.
  • It is grown in diversified soil, topographical and hydrological situations ranging from sloppy uplands to deep-water areas of above 1 metre depth.
  • It is adapted to cold temperatures that exist in hilly areas and also in the adverse soil conditions such as salinity, alkalinity and acidity.
  • It is a staple food crop of 60 per cent of world’s population.
  • Mostly it is cooked with water.
  • Other edible uses includes rice flakes and puffed rice, rice wafers and canned rice.
  • It is also used starch and brewing industries.
  • The byproduct of rice milling i.e., rice husk and bran are used as a cattle and poultry feed.
  • Hard board and paper industries also uses these byproducts.
  • Rice bran oil is used in cooking after refinement.
  • It is also used in making soap.
  • Rice straw is good cattle feed as well as it is also used in marking hats, mats and ropes.

Origin

  • Rice is regarded as a first cultivated crop of Asia.
  • Preserved rice grains were found in China around 3000 B.C.
  • Paddy grains found during excavation at Hastinapur (India) around 1000-750 B.C. considered as a oldest sample in the world.
  • Southwest Himalayas has various types and varieties and indicated probable centre of origin.
  • De Condolle (1886) mentioned south India is its centre of origin.
  • Thus based on all this Archaeological evidences India is considered centre of origin of Rice.

Distribution

  • Rice cultivation is limited to as far as north as 49 degrees in Czechoslovakia and as far as south as 35 degrees in new South Wales.
  • But most of the world’s rice is grown in tropics which includes countries of south and south East Asia, West Africa and central and south America.
  • India stands first in area and second with regards to production.
  • China is first. Area and production of important rice growing countries is given below:
    • Rice is grown through out India in all the states.
    • It is cosmopolitan crop grown in high altitude hills and also in regions below mean sea level.

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Area and production

  • Rice is grown through out India in all the states. It is cosmopolitan crop grown in high altitude hills and also in regions below mean sea level.
  • The major rice growing states in India are West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh where 69.8 % of area exists.
  • Rice area under assured irrigation is around 48.3% of the total area.
  • Highest percentage area under irrigated condition exists in the states of Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh.
  • In eastern India rainfed rice predominates over irrigated rice.

Rice Area, Production and Productivity in the World

Country
Area in Ha.
Production in Mt
Productivity in Kg/Ha
 
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
Australia
75,783
103,115
723,283
918,733
9544
8910
Bangladesh
12,000,000
11,553,452
50,627,000
33,889,632
4219
2933
Brazil
2,752,891
2,413,288
13,476,994
11,549,881
4896
4786
China
30,311,295
30,557,000
202,667,173
205,985,229
6686
6741
India
43,970,000
42,500,000
157,900,000
152,600,000
3591
3591
Indonesia
13,201,316
13,443,443
65,740,946
69,045,141
4980
5136
Kazakhstan
93,200
93,050
346,800
350,800
3721
3770
Nigeria
2,579,540
2,685,000
4,567,320
4,833,000
1771
1800
Pakistan
2,571,200
2,700,000
9,194,000
9,400,000
3576
3482
Russia
207,200
191,600
1,055,570
1,051,891
5095
5490
Thailand
11,944,320
12,600,000
34,588,355
37,800,000
2896
3000
USA
1,059,070
1,083,760
8,388,780
9,048,220
7921
8349
World
163,626,363
163,199,090
724,959,981
719,738,273
4431
4410

Source : FAOstat citation

Gross area, production and yield under rice in India

Years/ Particulars
Area (million hectares)
Production (million tonnes)
Yield (kg/ha)
1960-61
34.1
34.6
1013
1970-71
37.6
42.2
1123
1980-81
40.1
53.6
1336
1990-91
42.7
74.3
1740
1997-98
43.4
82.5
1900
1998-99
44.6
86.0
1928
1999-2000
45.16
89.68
1986
2000-01
44.71
84.98
1901
2001-02
44.62
93.34
2086
2002-03
40.41
75.72
1874
2003-04
42.59
88.53
2077
2004-05
41.91
83.13
1984
2005-06
43.66
91.79
2102
2006-07
43.81
93.35
2131
2007-08
43.77
96.43
2203
2008-09
45.54
99.18
2178
2009-10
41.92
89.09
2125
2010-11
42.86
95.98
2239
2011-12
44.01
105.30
2393
2012-13
42.41
104.40
2462

Source : Department of Agriculture Co-operation.

State wise Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India during 2012 - 13

State
Area in 000' Ha.
Produciton in 000' tonnes
Productivity (kg/ha)
Andhra Pradesh (Composite)
11510.0
3628.0
3173
Assam
5128.5
2488.2
2061
Bihar
7529.3
3298.9
2282
Chhattisgarh
6608.8
3784.8
1746
Gujarat
1541.0
701.0
2198
Haryana
3976.0
1215.0
3272
Himachal Pradesh
125.3
76.9
1629
Jammu & Kashmir
818.1
261.7
3126
Jharkhand
3164.9
1414.5
2238
Karnataka
3364.0
1278.0
2632
Kerala
508.3
197.3
2577
Madhya Pradesh
2775.0
1882.6
1474
Maharashtra
3057.0
1557.0
1963
Orissa
7295.4
4022.8
1814
Punjab
11374.0
2845.0
3998
Rajasthan
222.5
125.6
1771
Tamilnadu
4049.9
1493.1
2712
Uttar Pradesh
14416.0
5861.0
2460
Uttarakhand
579.8
262.8
2206
West Bengal
15023.7
5444.3
2760
Others
2173.9
915.4
2375
All-India
105241.4
42753.9
2462

Source : Department of Agriculture Co-operation.

Area and Production of Rice in Karnataka

Years
Area ‘000 ha
Production ‘000 tons
Yield kg/ha
1972-73
1011.0
1749.0
1730
1973-74
1150.0
2131.0
1850
1974-75
1173.0
1986.0
1690
1975-76
1194.0
2259.0
1890
1976-77
963.0
1481.0
1540
1977-78
1096.0
2281.0
2080
1978-79
1098.0
2175.0
1980
1979-80
1174.0
2370.0
2020
1980-81
1101.0
2208.0
2010
1981-82
1167.0
2364.0
2030
1982-83
1111.0
2101.0
1890
1983-84
1194.0
2292.0
1920
1984-85
1183.0
2375.0
2010
1985-86
1096.0
1943.0
1770
1986-87
1166.0
2313.0
1980
1987-88
1048.0
1894.0
1810
1988-89
1238.0
2510.0
2030
1989-90
1183.4
2376.9
2010
1990-91
1173.2
2415.3
2060
1991-92
1268.8
2826.1
2230
1992-93
1316.6
3068.7
2330
1993-94
1373.8
3182.8
2320
1994-95
1295.6
3167.5
2440
1995-96
1268.6
3018.7
2380
1996-97
1359.0
3212.0
2488
1997-98
1353.0
3213.0
2499
1998-99
1425.0
3605.0
2663
1999-2000
1399.0
3285.0
2472
2000-01
1484.0
3847.0
2730
2001-02
1418.0
3170.0
2353
2002-03
1154.0
2237.0
2039
2003-04
1074.0
2550.0
2500
2004-05
1308.0
3706.0
2982
2005-06
1485.0
3999.0
2834
2006-07
1396.0
3646.0
2750
2007-08
1486.0
3869.0
2875
2008-09
1514.0
4031.0
2803
2009-10
1486.0
3876.0
2745
2010-11
1539.0
4297.0
2938
2011-12
1416.0
3955.0
2940

Source: Department of Agriculture, Karnataka.

District-wise Area, Production and Yield of Rice in Karnataka during 2009-2010

Districts
Area in Ha
Production in Tonnes
Productivity Tonnes/ha
Bangalore (Urban)
2041
6016
2.95
Bangalore (Rural)
1667
7189
4.31
Kolar
7096
12830
1.81
Tumkur
36335
92959
2.56
Shimoga
133259
319806
2.40
Mysore
123650
381919
3.09
Mandya
79961
263413
3.29
Kodagu
34844
85137
2.44
Hassan
47659
127886
2.68
Chickmagalur
43642
108173
2.48
Uttara Kannada
80272
155245
1.93
Bijapur
27
77
2.85
Belgaum
71888
84042
1.17
Dhakshanakannada
54899
124141
2.26
Raichur
176440
492337
2.79
Bellary
120414
380920
3.16
Gulbarga
79472 7
180692
2.2
Dharwad
26958
31584
1.17
Bidar
5039
3857
0.77
Bagalkot
133
381
2.86
ChamarajaNagar
17114
45717
2.67
Davanagere
137449
469296
3.41
Gadag
2012
3722
1.85
Haveri
49995
60166
1.20
Koppal
73955
245406
3.32
Udupi
57509
138204
2.40

Source:DACNET

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Karnataka