Rice

Insect Management

Brown plant hopper : Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae : Hemiptera)

Symptoms

• Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant and suck the plant sap. Causing dried up patches here and there in the field which is called "Hopperburn".
• They are also vectors of 'Grassy stunt' virus disease. Symptom of damage is yellowing and drying of plants in patches.



Integrated pest management (IPM)

• Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Avoid staggered sowing/planting with susceptible varieties.
• Avoid closed planting, leave a gap for every 2 mts of planting



OR

• Strip planting at every 2 mts. with wider space to allow more light and air will keep the pest under control.
• Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides.
• Alternate wetting and drying of the field.
• Grow resistant varieties : IET-7575, IET-8110, IET-8116, MTU-5249, 5293.



Biological control

Predator

• Crytorhinus levidepennis (Reduvidae : Hemiptera) feeds on eggs and nymphs



Spiders

• Lycorasp. feeds on nymphs



Other natural enemies

• Menochilus sexmaculata
• Haplogonatopus sp.Microvelia alroleniata
• Pseudogonatopus sp.Tetrognatha japonica Harmonia arcuata



Chemical control

• Spraying of Monocrotophos / carbaryl / methyl parathion / fenthion / chlorphyriphos 0.5 kg ai/ha or granular insecticides such as phorate or carbofuran etc. at 1 kg ai/ha.



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Paddy horned caterpillar : Malanitis leda ismene Cramer

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Nymphalidae

Symptoms

• It is a minor pest, feeds on leaves and defoliate the plant.




Control

• Spraying of quinalphos 0.05% or chlorpyriphos 0.05% etc.




Paddy skipper : Pelopidis mathias Fb.

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Hesperiidae

Symptoms

• It is a minor pest, feeds on leaves and defoliate the plant.




Control

• Spraying with quinalphos 0.05% or chlorphyriphos 0.05%.




Swarming caterpillar : Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd)

Order: Lepidoptera

Order: Noctuidae

Symptoms

• The pest arises on grasses in swampy places or in tank beds where grasses grow and migrate to the crop. During night it damages both nursery and main crop, by eating leaf and leaf blade.




Control

• Flooding the nursery makes the hiding larvae to come to the surface and thus they are picked by birds.
• Ducks let into the field also feed on the larvae.
• Dusting of insecticides like endosulfan 4% dust or carbaryl 10% dust or spraying of methyl parathion 5 per cent may be recommended.




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Climbing cutworm /Armyworm : Mythimna separata (Walker)

Order : Lapidoptera

Family : Noctuidae

Symptoms

The caterpillars eat the leaf blades at the margins. If ear heads have formed, they climb up and bite them and make them drop down.




Control

• Spraying with endosulfan 0.07% or carbaryl 0.2%.



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Rice mealy bug : Bravennia rohi (Pseudococcidas : Hemiptera)

Symptoms

• The damage is by sucking of the plant sap. An infested field shows isolated patches of stunted and sickly looking plants. When the outer sheath of an infested stem is drawn out numerous bugs are seen attached to the stem in all stages. It is an endemic pest in Dakshina Kannada and becomes epidemic under desication, when rains fails. The seedlings in the dry nursery are badly affected.



Control

• The grass on the field bunds should be removed, while trimming the bunds.
• When the infestation is noticed the attacked plants should be removed and destroyed.
• Spraying of methyl parathion 0.05% or Monocrotophos 0.05% affords protection.



The Whorl maggot : Hydrellia sasakii (Ephydridae)

Symptoms

The maggots attack the leaf blades even before unturlong and the initial damage is characterized by the presence of narrow stripes of whitish areas in the blade margins. The fillers become stunted.




Control

• Spraying with chlorphyriphos 0.05% or quinalphos 0.05% or application of thimet 5 kgs/acre.

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Paddy case worm : Nymphula depunctalis (guenee) (pyralidae : Lepidoptera)

Symptoms



• Full grown caterpillars found in tubular cases made out of paddy leaf, attached hanging to the leaf blade. The caterpillar skeletonises the leaves in ladder like manner. Pupation in the cases, which are attached to the lower side of the basal leaves.



Control

• A rope may be passed over the young crop for dislodging the larval cases from the tillers and then the water may be drained for eliminating them or pass the rope from one end to other end to dislodge the eggs.
• Application of kerosene at the rate of six litres/acre.
• Spray with methyl parathion 0.05% or manocrotophos 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.05%,etc.



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Paddy earhead bug (Gundhi bug) : Leptocorisa oratoria (Alydidae : Hemiptera)

Symptoms

Adults and nymphs damage the plant by sucking the juice from the milky grains which become 'chaffy' later. They omit bad smell hence they are called Gundhi bugs.




Control

• Collection of bugs by hand netting. Dusting with malathion 5%.



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Paddy Gall fly : Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) Mani (Cacidomyiidae : Diptera)

Symptoms

The maggots enter into growing point and damage by laceration. Elongated tabular gall is produced in the place of central shoot. Hence, it is called 'Silver shoot' or 'Anekombu' or 'Kane'.




Integrated pest management (IPM)

• Removal and destruction of affected plants.
• Removal of wild grasses in the field, Paspalum scorbiculatum, Trachaeum ciliare Cynodan dactylon, Eleusine indica
• Grow resistant varieties like Vikram (GMR-2), Mahaveer, Shakthi, GMR-17, Phalguna, Nethravathi, IET-9555.
• Larval parasites : Polygnotus sp., Platygaster oryzae
  
• Setup the light traps to attract the adult moths.



Chemical method

• Soaking of pre-germinated seeds in 0.025% chlorphyriphos 20 EC, for 3 hrs. before sowing was found effective and protect the seedlings in entire nursery period.
• Seedling root dip in 0.02% chlorphyriphos 20 EC for 12 hrs. ensure the further protection after transplanting.
• Application of granular insecticides phorate 10G or carbofuran 3G 1 kg ai/ha in the main field.
• Spraying of phosphamidon, carbaryl, endosulfan, monocrotophos 0.5 kg ai/ha for about three sprays.



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Paddy grasshopper : Hieroglyphus banian (F.) (Acrididae : Orthoptera)

Symptoms

• Both nymphs and adults feed on leaves in irregular manner thus defoliating the plant and also feed on developing earheads.



Control

• Summer ploughing to expose the egg masses.
• Trimming/scrapping the bunds to destroy the eggs.
• Dusting with methyl parathion 2% dust or carbaryl 10% or spraying with endosulfan 0.05%.



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Paddy Hispa : Dicladispa (Olivier) (Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera)

Symptoms

Adult beetles scrape the green matter of leaf causing characteristic white parallel streaks. grubs mine into leaves and produce blotches in which they pupates.




Control

• Spraying of methyl parathion 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.05%.



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Paddy leaf hoppers :Nephotettix viruscens (Distant) (Cicadellidae : Hemoptera)

Nephotettix nigropictus (Stall) Cofana spectra (Dist.) white leafhopper

Symptoms

hese hoppers are generally found on the leaves. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and infested leaves turn yellow. White specks on the young leaf are the symptoms of damage.



• Severe infestation leads to hopper burn. They are known to transmit some of the virus diseases like rice tungro and rice yellow dwarf.



Control

• Spraying of dimethoate 0.05% or phosphomidon 0.05% or Monocrotophos 0.05%.
• Application of granular insecticides like phorate or corbofuran 1 kg ai/ha.



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Paddy leaf roller : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Pyralidae : Lepidoptera)

Symptoms

Caterpillars fold the leaf margins often longitudinally by gluing the leaf margin at certain intervals and feed inside the rolled leaves by scrapping the epidermis..



• The affected leaf looks brownish, subsequently dries up. Sometimes 2 or 3 leaves are folded together.



Integrated pest management (IPM)

• Collection and destruction of infested leaf.
• Destruction/removed of alternate hosts near the field.
• Setup light traps to attract the adult moths.
• Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers.



Biological control.

• Egg parasitoid : Trichogramma sp.
• Larval parasitoid : Goniozus sp., Bracon sp.
• Pupal parasitoid : Brachymeria sp., Tetrastichus sp.



Chemical control

• Spraying of chlorphyriphos 0.05% (2 ml/lit) or Monocrotophos 0.05% (1.5 ml/lit) or Quinalphos 0.05% (2 ml/lit).



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Paddy Thrips : Stenochaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) (Thripidae : Thysanoptera)

Symptoms

• Both nymphs and adults lacerate and suck the sap as a result the leaf margin roll inside from tip downwards. All the stages of the thrips are found inside the roll, the tip of the affected leaf dries up.



Control

• Spraying of carbaryl 0.1%, or Endosulfan 0.035% or Phosphamidon 0.05% or Monocrotophos 0.05%.



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Paddy stem borer : Scirpophaga incertulas (walker) (Pyralidae : Lepidoptera)

Symptoms



• Caterpillars, white to pale yellow, bore into central shoots of paddy seedlings and tillers causing dead hearts. In earhead stage it bores at the base of the earhead and causes chaffy earheads, called "white ear" which easily comes out when pulled.



Integrated pest management (IPM) for paddy stem borer

Cultural practices

• Soon after harvesting, land as to be ploughed and all the stubbles are removed and burn to kill the larvae and pupae which may be present in the stubbles.
• Growing of resistant varieties :IET-2815, IET-2812, IET-3127IET-9405, Rama, Sasyashree



Mechanical methods

• Collection and destruction of egg masses may lower the infestation.
• Clipping the tip of the seedlings prior to transplanting for elimination of egg masses.



Physical method

• Setup light traps 2-3/acre to attract the adult moth, collect and destroy.



Biological control

Egg parasitoids

• Telenomus sp.
• Tetrastychus schonobeii



Larval parasitoids

• Isotomia jovensis
• Apanteles javensis



Pupal parasitoid: Xanthopimpla emaculata

Chemical control

• Methyl parathion 0.05% or Monocrotophos 0.05% or Chlorphyriphos 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.04%
• Three sprays are recommended, single spray will not give effective control.
• Ist spray → Nursery stage
• IInd spray → 25 days after transplanting
• IIIrd spray → 45 days after transplanting
• Application of granular insecticides like phorate 10G, or Carbofuron 3G, 1 kg a.i/ha at 25 and 45 days after transplanting.
• Granular insecticides can also applied in the nursery.
• Seedling root dip treatment with chlorphyriphos 0.02% for 12-14 hours before transplanting gives protection upto 30 days against stem borer, gallmidge and leafhoppers.



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