Cost Structure Of Kharif Paddy Item Small Medium Large Pooled Variable Costs Rs/ha % to total Rs/ha % to total Rs/ha % to total Rs/ha % to total Human Labour 1509.09 21.42 1771.96 22.69 1868.00 22.54 1862.38 23.28 Machine Labour 887.30 12.59 980.81 12.56 1017.73 12.28 999.94 12.50 Bullock labour 202.89 2.88 83.97 1.08 78.15 0.94 92.66 1.16 Seed 245.00 3.48 246.43 3.16 258.73 3.12 265.72 3.32 Manures and Fertilizers 970.80 13.78 998.11 12.78 1027.18 12.39 998.69 12.48 Plant protection 104.32 1.48 172.47 2.21 175.79 2.13 188.94 2.36 Miscel-laneous charges 25.00 0.35 38.84 0.49 63.38 0.76 54.88 0.69 Interest on Working capital 96.57 1.37 99.81 1.27 128.72 1.55 111.26 1.39 Sub-Total 4040.97 57.35 4392.40 56.24 4617.68 55.71 4574.47 57.18 Fixed Costs . . . . . . . . Land Revenue 128.23 1.82 128.24 1.64 128.67 1.55 129.00 1.61 Depreciation 72.40 1.03 83.31 1.07 87.93 1.06 85.13 1.06 Interest on Fixed capital 55.45 0.79 66.18 0.85 74.55 0.90 68.48 0.86 Rent paid for leased in land 816.23 11.58 782.31 10.02 490.22 5.92 656.93 8.21 Rental value on owned land 1932.71 27.43 2357.04 30.18 2889.93 34.86 2486.66 31.08 Sub-total 3005.02 42.65 3417.08 43.76 3671.30 44.29 3426.20 42.82 Cost of production (A+B) 7045.99 100.00 7809.48 100.00 8288.98 100.00 8000.67 100.00 Cost Structure Of Rabi Paddy Item Small Medium Large Pooled Variable Costs Rs/ha % to total Rs/ha % to total Rs/ha %to total Rs/ha % to total Human Labour 1620.11 21.25 1831.85 21.52 1878.26 21.18 1776.74 20.91 Machine Labour 460.34 6.04 733.76 8.62 749.22 8.45 648.77 7.64 Bullock labour 253.22 3.32 45.27 0.53 18.21 0.21 112.23 1.32 Seed 268.19 3.52 274.37 3.22 282.55 3.18 276.83 3.26 Manures and Fertilizers 718.86 9.43 778.63 9.16 789.18 8.91 733.33 8.63 Plant protection 527.70 6.92 575.12 6.76 612.06 6.90 582.60 6.86 Miscell-aneous charges 29.00 0.38 252.00 0.26 12.02 0.14 15.33 0.18 Interest on Working capital 73.77 0.97 54.03 0.63 43.51 0.49 42.81 0.50 Sub-Total 3951.19 51.83 4315.03 50.70 4385.01 49.46 4188.64 49.30 Fixed Costs - - - - - - - - Land Revenue 143.26 1.88 150.62 1.76 152.20 1.71 151.67 1.79 Depre-ciation 27.02 0.35 44.10 0.52 45.08 0.51 42.49 0.50 Interest on Fixed capital 23.65 0.31 28.68 0.34 29.94 0.34 26.79 0.32 Rent paid for leased in land 320.63 4.21 142.42 1.67 82.18 0.93 168.15 1.98 Rental value on owned land 3157.34 41.42 3831.58 45.04 4170.72 47.05 3917.59 46.11 Sub-total 3671.90 48.17 4197.40 49.30 4480.12 50.54 4306.69 50.70 Cost of production (A+B) 7623.09 100.00 8512.43 100.00 8865.13 100.00 8495.33 100.00 Milling Hand pounding was the main technique adopted for getting edible vice from paddy. Huller mills started replacing hand-handling and presently paddy is milled in huller, disc-sheller and rubber-rolt-sheller mills. The total number of mills in the country is estimated at 68,000 and expect about 5000 are of huller type. The comparative installation costs and out terms of rice from three types of mills employed in India. Parameters Type Huller mill Disk sheller Rubber roll sheller Capacity   (1 tone/hr) (1 tone/hr) (2 tones/hr) Installation cost   Rs. 40,000 Rs. 65,000 Rs.1,80,000 Out turn of raw-milled rice Rice 63-65% 65-67% 67-70%   Brokens   2% 2%   Bran 35-37% 5% 5%   Husk   22-27% 22-25% Broken percentage in Rice   30-40% 22-30% 10-15% Byproducts of rice milling also need attention. By- products are broken, bran, and husk . Brokens are grades presently as small and big brokens and used for edible purpose. There is good demand for well graded rice brokens. Similarly, bran from sheller mills and particularly that obtained from boiled rice is in good demand for oil-extraction plants. The bran oil may be made edible by stabilising the bran through heating. Hull disposal is a problem in many rice mills. Presently, there seems to be no alternative to using it as fuel.

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