Alternaria Leaf Blight: (Alternaria Parn Zulshan): Alternaria triticina

    Damage:

  • During the initial stages of infection small oval discoloured spots appear on the upper surface of the leaf.
  • These spots are irregularly scattered on the leaves.
  • The spots become irregular in shape with the increase in their size.
  • The spots are brown to grey in colour.
  • A bright yellow zone surrounds the large necrotic spots.
  • On mixing of the spots, large patches are formed.
  • Black Powdery mass of conidia and conidiophore develop on the spot.
  • Similar symptoms appear on the leaf sheath, ears and on the awns.

    • Control:

  • Always use certified or registered seeds.
  • Use mancozeb at 3g/l.OR Use carbendzim at 1.5g/l. or
  • Spray Copper oxychloride at the rate of 0.25 % at 10 to 15 days interval.
  • All infected plant debris should be destroyed.

    • IPM:

  • Grow resistant varieties
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • For chemical control refer chemical control section.

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Bacterial Chaff and Bacterial Stripe Blight: Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas translucens

    Symptom:

  • This bacterium may be seed borne.
  • The disease generally spreads by personal contact , rains and also through insects.
  • The bacterial black chaff generally occurs on the glumes.
  • The bacterial stripe generally occurs on the leaves.
  • the initial stages the crop show symptoms like the water soaked lesions and thin narrow chlorotic lesions or lines on the leaves.
  • If the infection occurs during the initial stages of the crop the sterile spikes are produced.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • For chemical control refer chemical control section

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Bacterial Disease (Jeevanu Rog)

    IPM:

  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • For chemical control refer chemical control section.

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Bacterial Spike Blight & Yellow Ear Rot: Corneybacterium tritici

    Symptoms:

  • The disease often spreads on personal contact and through the insects.
  • The bacteria is well associated with the nematode Anguina tritici.
  • A yellow exudates is seen on the spikes of the plant.
  • This exudates when turns dry becomes white.
  • The necks will emerge as a distorted, sticky mass.
  • Leaves generally turn twisted or may become wrinkled.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • For chemical control refer chemical control section.

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Basal Glume Rot and Bacterial Leaf Blight : Psedumonas syringae pv.atrofaciens

    Symptoms:

  • This particular disease occurs in the humid regions of the country.
  • The disease may be borne by seed & is spread by rains and insects.
  • The infected parts such as leaves, culms and spikes of wheat crop bear small dark green water soaked lesions.
  • The lesions turn into dark brown to blackish water soaked lesions in the later stages of the crop growth.
  • If the weather is wet and humid then a white ooze or bacterial discharge is also seen.

    • Control :

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed.
  • Treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

    • For chemical control refer chemical control section.


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Black and Sooty Mold: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Stemphylum, Epicoccum and other related species

    Symptoms:

  • The disease occurs under humid, rainy and wet conditions.
  • It can also occur when the plants are attacked by a large population of the aphids.
  • The normally mature or dead spikes turn black in color, this is because the fungus accumulates on top of the tissue.

    • Control:

  • Use certified seeds.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Brown Leaf Rust(Bhura Gaerua Rog) : Puccinia recondita f tritici

Symptoms:

  • The disease mostly occurs in the tropical & semi-tropical regions.

  • Early infection causes severe yield reductions.
  • The orange coloured pustules are circular and slightly elliptical and are smaller then those of stem rust.

  • These pustules generally do not coalesce or join.
  • The pustules are normally found on the upper surface of the leaves and leaf sheath.

    • Control:

  • Use resistant varieties such as PBW 502, PBW 343, WH 542, PDW 291, PDW 274, PDW 233, PBW 509, PBW 373, TL 2908, TL 1210, PBW 527 and PBW 175.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • Use mancozeb at 3g/l.OR Triadimorf also gives good control of the disease.

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Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus

    Symptoms:

  • Aphids spread the disease.
  • The disease occurs when the temperatures comes around 20 to 22 degree centigrade.
  • The symptoms occur as yellowing or reddening of leaves and stunting of the plant.
  • The root growth is reduced or even delayed in some cases.
  • The head of affected plant turn erect or remain erect and turn black and get discolored due to ripening and due to colonization of the saprophytic fungi.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.

    • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.


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Common and Dwarf Bunt of Wheat: (Tilletia caries, Tellitia foetida and Tellitia controversa)

    Symptoms:

  • The disease is systemic in nature.
  • This particular disease occurs under cool temperature and especially during the termination of the crop.
  • Bunt Balls are formed on the attack of this disease.
  • These bunt balls are spherical in shape and give fishy smell on rupture.
  • Infected spikes turn black to bluish green in colour.
  • Reduction in plant height may also occur in most cases.

    • Control:

  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • Use vitavax at 2 g per kg as seed treatment.

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Crown Rot

    Control:

  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Downy Mildew of Wheat Sclerophthora macrospora

    Damage:

  • This disease occurs in places of high humidity or water logging or in the case of heavily irrigated fields.
  • The favorable temperature for the occurrence of the disease is in between 10 to 25 degree centigrade.
  • In the infected plant the tillering is enhanced, that is, the wheat plant tiller profusely.
  • The wheat plant have short, erect irregular or even crooked or yellowish green culms.
  • The leaves become thick erect and are usually in whorls.
  • The tillers never head and they die early.
  • If the tillers flowers, then they do not form grain and are turned into leaf like structures.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Ergot of Wheat: (Gahu Ka Ergot Rog) Claviceps fusiformis ( c. purpurea)

    Sympton:

  • The disease mostly occurs in the cool and humid climate.
  • If the florets are sterile then they are more susceptible to the infection.
  • In the flowering stage the infected florets produce a yellowish sticky sweet exudates that appears on the glumes.
  • When the spike matures, the kernels of the infected florets are replaced by brown to purplish like black fungal structures the sclerotia or the fungal bodies.
  • The fungal or ergot bodies may reach up to 20 mm in length.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Eye Spot Straw Breaker of Wheat: Rhizoctonia solani

    Sympton:

  • Dry sandy soils, cool temperature and humidity favor the disease.
  • The fungus lives in the soil and plant debris.
  • It infects those fields in which the cereals are taken for long duration.
  • Lesions develop on the basal leaf sheaths.
  • The margins are dark brown with pale straw colored texture.
  • The disease may cause the stunting of the plant and it also causes the reduction in the number of the plant grown.

    • Control:

  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Black Point Disease of Wheat (Black Point Disease of Wheat) : Alternaria, helminthosporium and Fusarium

    Sympton:

  • The disease is favoured by continuous humid weather.
  • The pericarps of the maturing wheat kernels turn dark brown to black in colour.
  • The viability of the seed is affected and it may loose its germination capacity.
  • The grains become discoloured.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Flag Smut of Wheat: (Gahu Ka Flag Kundwa Rog): Urocystis tritici

    Sympton:

  • This disease mainly affects the leaf of the wheat crop.
  • Greyish black linear sori occur on the leaf blades and sheath in between the veins.
  • In the early stage the sori are covered with the epidermis and later on it ruptures exposing the black spore mass.
  • The infected plant shows stunting growth, twisting up of the leaves and ultimately it results in the no ear head formation.

    • Control:

  • Use certified seeds.
  • Grow resistant varieties such as PDW 291, PDW 274, PDW 233, TL 2908 and TL 1210.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Practice shallow sowing.
  • Rogue out the affected stools and destroy them by burning.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • Dress the wheat seed with Vitavax @ 2 g per kg seed or Bavistin or Agrozim or Oerosal or J.K. Stein or Sten 50 or Benlate @ 2.5 g or Thiram 75% @ 3g or Raxil @ 1 g per kg seed before sowing.

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Fusarium Leaf Blotch & Snow Mold : (Calonectria nivalis ( Fusarium nivale)

    Sympton:

  • The disease generally affects the duram wheat varieties.
  • The infection occurs through the spread of wind or through rain.
  • Cool and moist weather favours the development of the disease.
  • The symptoms occurs during the late jointing or on the early boot stage of the crop.
  • Lesions occur at the bending region of the leaf and they are oval to elliptical, greyish to green mottled areas.
  • These lesions generally grow in size and develop into large eyespot blotch with light grey center.
  • In the severe cases the whole plant shows complete defoliation, low and sub standard grain production and shriveling and low-test weight of the grain.

    • Control:

  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.

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Helminthosporium Leaf Blotch (Helminthosporium Parn Dhabba Rog) : Helminthosporium sativum or Drechslera sorokiniana

    Sympton:

  • The right hand side photograph is of helminthosporium leaf blotch disease of wheat.
  • The symptoms of this particular disease appear as yellowish oval to oblong spots mostly on the leaf blade and on the leaf sheath.

  • Initially they are distinct and are isolated.

  • These spots gradually turn into necrotic areas and increase in size and turn light brown to dark brown.
  • The finer spots coalesce to form large irregular patches that is the spot blotch.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use solarization technique for seed treatment that is during hot summer months in morning hours the seed is soaked in cold water and kept in hot sun from 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon and then dried in the after noon, precautions should be taken so that their is no damage to the viability of the seed.
  • Up-root the affected plants before ear emergence if they are affected with disease.
  • Spray mancozeb at 3g/l.OR Carbendzim at 1.5g/l ORCopper oxychloriode fungicide at the rate of 0.25 % at the interval of 10 to 15 days.

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Karnal Bunt (Gahu Ka Karnal Bunt) : Tillitia indica / Neovossia indica

Sympton:


  • Only few grains in the ear head are affected and are infected totally or partially and then they are converted into black PDWdery masses enclosed by the periocarp.
  • The spores are easily blown away by the wind.

Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties namely PDW 291, PDW 274, PDW 233, TL2908 and TL 1210 under irrigated conditions and PBW 527 and PBW 175 under rainfed conditions.
  • Do timely sowing.
  • Irrigation just before flowering stage reduces the intensity of the disease.
  • Use disease free seed in the healthy field.
  • Duram varieties are more resistant as compared to the other soft wheat varieties.
  • Follow all field sanitation measures.
  • The infestation is likely to occur if the rains occur at the time of ear head emergence.
  • A single spray of Tilt/Folicur 25 EC @ 200 ml per acre using 160 litres of water at ear emergence stage for the control of Karnal bunt is recommended in wheat meant for seed production only.

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Loose Smut of Wheat (Gahu Ka Chidra Kandwa Rog) : Ustilago tritici

    Sympton:

  • The disease is favoured by the cool and humid weather conditions.
  • The disease affects the whole inflorescence, the disease can occur in all wheat growing areas of the world.
  • This particular disease is the seed borne disease of the crop.
  • The whole inflorescence except the rachis is turned into the black PDWdery mass of the tissues.

    • Control:

  • Use seeds from the disease free source.
  • Grow resistant varieties such as PDW 291, PDW 274, PDW 233, TL 2908 and TL 1210.
  • Soak the wheat seed in ordinary water from 8 a.m. to 12 noon on any calm and sunny day during May/June. After 4 hours soaking, spread out the moist seed in the Sun in a thin layer on cemented floor (pucca), on tarpaulin or sheets of cloth. Dry the grain completely and store in a dry place till sowing.
  • Treat the seeds with any of the recommended systemic fungicide like Carboxin, Carbendzim at the rate of 1 to 1.5 gm per kg of seed at the time of sowing.

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Powdery Mildew of Wheat (Gahu Ka Dhaiya Rog) : Blumeria graminis or (= Erysiyphe gramini )

    Sympton:

  • The development of the Powdery mildew disease is favoured by the cool temperature that is the development of the disease is favoured by a temperature of about 14 to 25 degree centigrade.
  • The symptoms occur in the form of white to pale grey PDWder on the upper surface of the leaf and leaf sheath.
  • Cool and humid weather also favours the occurrence of the disease.
  • The older infected area look pale yellow in colour and that can be easily rubbed out with the help of the fingers.
  • The host tissue that is the wheat leaf just below the fungal infection turns chlorotic and later on turns into necrotic area, in extreme cases the leaf dies.
  • In the case of heavy infection, the black spherical fruiting structures develops and are called as Cleistothecia and are visible with the naked eye.

    • Control:

  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Grow resistant varieties TL 2908 and TL 1210.
  • Use only certified or registered seed for sowing.
  • Spray with Karathane 40 EC @ 0.05% (50 mi in 100 litres of water).

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Sclerotium Wilt of Wheat (Gahu Ka Sclerotium Ukta Rog) : Sclerotium rolfsii

    Sympton:

  • Temperatures above 20 degrees centigrade with excessive moisture and in the acidic soils the occurance of the disease is favoured.
  • If the infection occurs in the early stage of the crop growth then damping of the seedlings can occur.
  • The infected tissue have white fluffy mycelia on the surface of the tissue.
  • The young sclerotia are white in colour which later on turn brown to dark brown in colour.

    • Control:

  • Follow field sanitaion.
  • Use resistant varieties of seed if available.
  • Use only certified or registered seed for sowing.

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Gaeumannomyces graminis (Take All Disease of Wheat) : Gaeumannomyces graminis

    Sympton:

  • This disease occurs in the areas where there is low tillage management and the region is temperate in climate.
  • The disease causes rotting of the roots and lower stem parts, roots generally turn black in colour.
  • In case the infection occurs during the early stage of the plant growth the plants remain stunted.
  • In the infected plants tillering is poor and the spikes are sterile.

    • Control:

  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use resistant varieties of seed if available.
  • Use only certified or registered seed for sowing.

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Ear Cockle Disease of Wheat (Gahu Ka Saehu Rog) : Anguina tritici or Gegla or Mamni

    Sympton:

  • In case of severe infestation 80% reduction in yield is possible.
  • The disease of this crop is caused by a nematode.
  • Galls are produced in the wheat plant.
  • During the initial stages of the crop the plant grow along the soil surface and after few days it takes the upright growth.
  • Basal swelling takes place in the plant at about 20 to 25 days after sowing.
  • Crinkling, Curling and twisting of the leaves is seen in the plants at the seedling stage.
  • Generally the disease plant stays dwarf and the conspicuous patches can be seen distributed in the fields.
  • The infected plant produces non-productive but profuse tillers.
  • The infected earheads produced galls instead of grains and also the ear heads are less awned and may remain green for a longer duration.
  • During harvesting and threshing these galls may fall in the soil and can infect the fresh grains which if used for sowing help in the continuation of the disease.

    • Control:

  • Triticale durum and bread wheat are the possible host of the nematode.
  • Always use gall free seeds.
  • Always use certified of registered seed for sowing.
  • Follow crop rotation principles.
  • Never use same varieties in the same field for long time.
  • Rogue the infected plant.
  • Deep summer ploughing.
  • Do not sow infected seeds.
  • Before sowing dip seeds in water the infected seeds will float on the surface remove them this is to be practiced good quality seeds are not available.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Practice crop rotation.

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Rust Black or Stem Rust of Wheat (Rust Black or Stem Rust of Wheat) : Puccinia graminis tritici

    Sympton:

  • The right hand side photograph is of black stem rust disease of wheat.
  • Uredial pustules occur on stem, leaf sheath, leaves and ear head.
  • Stem is affected most severely dark brown pustules come on them stem with ruptured epidermis.
  • Pustules occur on both sides of the leaves, stems and on the spikes.

    • Control:

  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Follow field sanitation.
  • Use certified seeds.
  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Spray mancozeb at 3 gm/l.OR Carbendzim at 1.5 gm/l.

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Nematode

    1. Seed Gall (Seed Gall Nematode) : Anguina tritici

    Sympton:

  • The right hand side photograph is of seed gall nematode of wheat.
  • Wet weather and moist soil favour the development of the gall nematode.
  • The nematode generally penetrates the crown and the basal stem area and the floral primordia.
  • Symptoms of the attack include distorted leaves and the stem.
  • When the plants are at the maturity then the galls are formed in the florets.
  • The galls are dark in colour and they replace the seeds.
  • As soon as the galls are moistened the larvae becomes motile and active.
  • This particular nematode acts as the vector for Corneybacterium tritici.

    • Control:

  • Chemical nematicides should be applied if the nematode population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
  • ETL for seed gall nematode is 1% mixture of seed galls with healthy seeds.
  • Spray any one of the following pesticide
  • Diamethoate (rogor 30 EC) at the rate of 330 ml/ha.
    •       OR
  • Methyl Dematon 25 EC at the rate of 650 ml/ha.
  • Use certified seed.
  • Follow mechanical seiving of wheat to remove the galls from the seeds.
  • Pour the contaminated seeds into water with 2% salt.
  • The galls float on the surface, remove them carefully and then wash the seeds in fresh water and the dry them just before sowing.

    • 2.Root Knot (Root Knot Nematode) : Meloidogyne species.

    Sympton:

  • This nematode forms the galls or small knot like structures near the roots and parts of the root tip.
  • The attack favours the development of the excessive branching in the roots.
  • The plants above the ground become chlorotic and are stunted in the appearance.

    • Control:

  • Spray any one of the following insecticide.
  • Diamethoate (rogor 30 EC) at the rate of 330 ml/ha.
    •       OR
  • Methyl Dematon 25 EC at the rate of 650 ml/ha.
  • Always use certified seeds.
  • Field & soil sanitation.
  • Deep ploughing of field soil in the month of May and June or during the days when the temperature goes up to 40 degrees to expose the nematode population to the solar Radiation.
  • Soil solarization.

    • 3. Cyst Disease (Cereal Cyst Nematode) : Heterodera avenae.

    Sympton:

  • Cereal cyst nematode attack alomost all varieties of wheat crop.
  • The roots of the affected plant develop frequent branches and cysts are formed in the roots.
  • The cyst are generally off white in colour and they turn dark brown as they grow old.

    • Control:

  • Chemical nematicides should be applied if the nematode population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
  • ETL for cereal cyst nematode 2 eggs or 2 larvae/g of soil.
  • At the sowing time application of 1.5 kg/ha of carbofuron 3 G helps in controlling the insect population.
  • Grow resistant varieties.
  • Grow non-host crops like gram or mustard for 3 years.
  • Early sowing is recommended.
  • Deep ploughing of field soil in the month of May and June or in the days when the temperature goes up to the level of 40 degrees to expose the nematode population to the Solar Radiation.

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Punjab

Wheat

Wheat Management