• The caterpillars sometime after the third or fourth stage migrate to-fresh canes or bore into the lower healthy portion of the same cane and riddle it completely.
• The pest causes a major damage to the crop from June to August.

• Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

• The eggs are laid in masses on the undersurface of the newly opened leaves.
• These hatch in seven to ten days and the young caterpillars enter into the topmost internode.
• After about ten days, the caterpillars migrate to the adjoining canes, each attaching a separate intercode.
• The caterpillars pupate inside the cane after 26 to 46 days, and moths emerge from the pupae in 6 to 11 days.
• There are overlapping generations of the pest in the field

• Remove damage cane tops in the initial stage of the attack, before the caterpillars migrate to fresh cannes.
• Catch the months in light-traps to help reduce the pest population in the field.
• Spray with endrin 0.1 per cent during June-July

• It is one of the most destructive sugarcane borers occurring in India and is of great importance in the entire sugarcane tract from eastern Bihar to the central and northern districts of Uttar Pradesh.

• The caterpillars feed on the unopened leaves and then bore into the stem and make a long tunnel by feeding on the internal tissue. Often six or Seven caterpillars or even more are found in one cane stalk. The attacked cane invariably shows signs of dead-heart.
• The pest sometimes causes a 33 per cent damage. Besides sugarcane, it has been reported to occur on paddy and Johnson grass which are its alternative host plants.

• Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, the Punjab and Rajasthan.

• The eggs are oval, and are laid in clusters on the leaves. They hatch in about seven days. The caterpillar has four violet stripes on the body and resembles C. infuscatellus in colour but is comparatively long in size.
• There are five moults, each occurring after three to five days, before the caterpillar pupates. The larval period is normally 15 to 25 days. Pupation occurs inside the cane and the moth emerges in six to ten days through the exit hole the caterpillar makes before pupating.
• The moth is greyish in colour with golden spots on the margin of the forewing.
• There are six generations of the pest in north India and the maximum damage is done by the winter brood which is active from December to February.

1.  Provide proper drainage in the field since the damage is severe in water-logged fields due to the lodging      of canes.
2.  As far as possible, avoid taking a ratoon crop.

The Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madras, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.

• The eggs are laid in a row on the undersurface of the leaves, near the midrib.
• They are light pale in colour, attached to a short filament and hatch within a week.
• The nymphs are oval, and on hatching attach themselves to the leaves. Further development of the nymphs into pre pupal and pupal stages takes place on the leaves.
• The immature stages of the white fly are dark in colour with white pubescence all over the body; several of these are found sticking on to the lower and upper surface of the leaves.
• The adult fly emerges in about two to three weeks' time.
• The pest is active all the year round but causes the maxi-mum damage from August to November.

• Avoid growing a ratoon crop in infested fields and burn all the trash of the harvested crop.
• Spray with O. 16 per cent BHC at 100 to 150 gallons per acre.

• The borer causes a serious damage to the cane crop from the beginning of May up to tile end of September, both in the early and late stages.

• The damage by the borer actually starts from the mid-rib of the top leaves into which it bores and makes tiny holes.
• The presence of a series of shot holes is a characteristic symptom of the presence of this pest.
• The dead-heart is produced when the central shoot tunnelled by the borer withers away.
• This is followed by the production of side- shoots in bunches generally known as bunchy tops ill the later stages of cane growth.
• The total loss in the yield of cane caused by this pest is about 20 per cent.

• The borer has been observed in all the cane-growing but is severe in the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madras, Mysore, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

• For determining the number of sprayings, information on the broods which cause the maximum damage to the crop and their time of appearance in the field should be collected.
• The spraying must be synchronized with the egg-laying of these broods to obtain the maximum control of the pest.

The Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Mysore, Madras, Maharashtra and Gujarat

• The female moth, which is dirty-brown in colour, lays eggs singly on the underside of the leaves.
• The egg is small, flat, scale-like and creamy-white in colour.
• The tiny caterpillar on hatching bores into the cane at the base of the seedling, producing the characteristic 'dead· heart'.
• After the node-formation, the cater-pillar enters the root-stock and lodges itself into a small tunnel which is not visible from outside.
• The caterpillar lives at one end of the tunnel while the rest of the tunnel is full of woody frass.
• The full-grown caterpillar is about 25 mm. long and pale white in colour. It moves upwards in the shoot almost to the level of the soil for pupalion to facilitate the emergence of the moth.

• Avoid ratooning in the case of a infested sugarcane crop.
• Dig out and burn the stubbles after the harvest
• Cut the infested shoots and destroy them.

• The hoppers exude a sweet sticky fluid known as "honey dew" which promotes quick and luxuriant growth of the fungus Capnodium sp and as a result the leaves compeltely coverd by the sooty mould. This affects photosynthesis.
• Due to continuous desapping by large number of hoppers, top leaves dry up and the lateral buds germinate.
• Easterly wind and high humidity, intermittent drought conditions during monsoon (July-September) in the sub tropics favours rapid build up of Pyrilla. Heavy rainfall followed by 75-80% humidity, high temperature (26-30⁰ C) also favour the pest build up.
• Dense and luxuriant crop, high amount of N and irrigation lodged canes, water logged conditions, varieties with broad and succulent leaves favour Pyrilla build up.

• Burning of trash helps in destroying unhatched egg masses and over-wintering nymphs.
• Removal of sprouts from the stubble in April once, helps in reducing the pest build up.
• Detrashing August onwards is very helpful.
• During pre-monsoon, dusting HCH 5-10% at 20-30 kg/ha or methyl parathion (2%) at 12.5 kg/ha using rotary duster. Chloropyriphos (0.3 kg a.i/ha) and malathion (1.25 kg a.i/ha) can be used as foliar sprays.
• During Pyrilla epidemics aerial sprayings of the following insecticide has been employed safely.
  1.  Methyl demeton (1125 ml/ha),
  2.  Dimethoate (875 ml/ha),
  3.  Fenthion (560 ml/ha),
  4.  Malathion (500 ml/ha),
  5.  Phosphomidon (250-300 ml/ha)
  6.  Monocrotophos (1250 ml/ha),
  7.  Endosulphan (750 ml/ha)

• Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

• White, spherical eggs are laid singly in the web on the leaves which turn brownish after some time.
• A mite may lay 35 to 69 eggs during her lifetime.
• The eggs hatch in two to four days.
• There are three larval instars and larva, proto and deuto nymphs take 3 to 16 days to develop into adults.
• The female mite moves briskly on the leaves and spins webs along the side of the lower midrib.

• Spray with lime sulphur or 0.03 per cent malathion at 60 to 80 gallons per acre.

• All over the sugarcane-growing areas of India.

• The female mealy bug is wingless while the male is winged.
• A single mealy bug may deposit as many as 400 eggs.
• The eggs hatch in four to seven days. The nymphs crawl and find places like the stalk (near the joint) of a leaf-sheath to feed on and develop
• The life-cycle is completed in about a month.

• Avoid the use of setts from infested fields; Infestation spreads through the affected setts used for sowing purpose.
• Spray the crop with 0.08 per cent malathion in the initial stage of the attack so as to check the multiplication of the pest in the field

• Occuring in several important cane growing states like A.P, U.P and Bihar, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab.
• Appear on 5-6 month old crop after the formation of a few internodes. This may coincide with the onset of monsoon.
• In A.P. its build up starts in the 3-4 week of June when the crop is 5-6 month old/ Heavy infestation of scale insect starts from June and continues upto December.

• Scale insect crawlers and suck the sap by inserting sytlets into the parenchymatous tissue.
• Leaves of infested cane show signs of tip drying and unhealthy pale green colour and with continued infestation turn yellow.
• Desapping leads to non-opening of leaves which also turn yellow and finally dry out. Such canes when slit open appear brownish red.
• Scale insect injury attracts fungal infestation.
• If scale infested setts are planted there will be considerable reduction in germination.
• In the infested canes, length, girth and weight reduction occurs. Thus yield and quality suffers.
• Loss may range from negligible to total crop failure.
• Loss is more in light soils than heavy soils.
• In general ratoon crops show greater infestation as they are weaker as compared to plant crops.
• Humidity favours scale insect infestation. Usually high infestation is observed during July-October when high temperatures and humidity prevail.
• Dry conditions pre-dispose the crop to scale insect attack. Water logging also helps scale insect build up. Rain water and high velocity winds facilitate dispersal of the pest.
• Scale insect spreads to new areas through seed material. From the infested plant crops, the pest is carried on to the ratoon through stubble and trash. Men and animals passing through the infested fields also lead to spread of the pest to the adjoining areas.

• No seed material should be taken from the infested field.
• Ratooning should be avoided in the infested fields.
• Detrashing helps greatly in reducing the scale insect population.
• Trash and other crop residues of the infested crop must be burnt.
• Stubble shaering helps in reducing the pest problem in the ratoons.
• At planting the setts should be immersed in an insecticidal solution. At 5-6 month age of crop, the crop should be detrashed and sprayed with insecticide.
• The trash removed should be burnt. Insecticide that have been recommended are: Malathion(0.1%)m Dimethoate (0.08 to 0.15%) Phosphomidon (0.05 to 0.08%) and Monocrotophos (1.5kg a.i/ha).
• Spraying should be done at the commencement of the infestation on the basal internodes after detrashing. The chemical also be soil applied if spraying is difficult.
• For soil application any of the following chemicals could be used.

Carbofuran : 2 kg a.i/ha 3 times at weekly interval
Dionethoate : 3 kg a.i/ha 5 times at monthly interval
Aldicarb : 2-3 kg a.i/ha
Monocrotophos : 3 kg a.i/ha at monthly intervals.

While ratooning, the cane stubbles may be drenched with malalthion or dimethoate 0.1% solution after stubble shaering

• The pest occurs in an epidemic form in certain years and causes a severe loss to the sugarcane crop.
• The damage is caused by the nymphs and adults both of which suck the sap from the undersurface of the leaves rendering them pale and withered.
• In case of a heavy incidence, the crop becomes stunted and consequently the yield and quality of cane are affected.
• The pest has been observed to feed also on wheat, barley, oats, maize, jowar, bajara paddy and several kinds of grasses in the absence of sugarcane crop in the field.
• It prefers a succulent broad-leaved variety of sugarcane to a narrow- leaved variety.
• Fields which have been given plenty of nitrogenous manures resulting in a luxurious growth of crop, suffer most from this pest.

• The pest is found all over India wherever sugarcane is grown but is serious only in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, the Punjab, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

• The adult appears ill the held by the end of March and finding favourable weather conditions breeds on the crop up to July-August.
• The eggs are laid generally in clusters of 20 to 40 eggs on the undersurface, of the leaves.
• The clusters are covered with whitish fine hairs produced from the anal pads of the female which lays G00 to S00 eggs during its life- time.
• The colour of the eggs is light blue and the shape cylin- drical.
• They hatch in seven to tell days. The newly hatched nymph is milky white in colour and bears two characteristic anal filaments.
• The nymph jumps about from leaf to leaf and passes through five stages of development in a period of 20 to 30 days before attaining the adult stage.
• The total life-cycle is completed within 30 to 40 days during summer months.
• The pest passes the winter in nymphal stage in north India, Light rain showers in May and June and long dry gaps with droughty conditions during July and August are very favourable for its multiplication.

• Dust the crop with 5 per cent BHC at the rate of 15 to 20 pounds per acre, (2) Spray with 0.02 per cent endrin or at the rate of 0.1 pound (actual) per acre