Mustard

History

Introduction

ScientificName : Brassica sp. Family : Cruciferae Genus : Brassica

Mustard in India

• Mustard is being grown in India since the very early ages.
• During the past five decades, there has been a sharp increase in the production of mustard in India.
• The huge jump in the production of mustard has been attributed to the development and implementation of new and improved technologies in India.
• The farmers have shown a widespread acceptance of the new technologies and have been boosted by the favorable marketing policies of the Government of India.
• The mustard and Rapeseed growing areas of India have witnessed a " YELLOW REVOLUTION ".
• Mustard seeds are known by different names in India.
• Rapeseeds are termed as Sarson, Torrai or Lahi and mustard is termed as Rai or Laha.
• The oil obtained from the different oilseeds show variations in the percentage if oil.
• The oil content varies from 37-49%.
• The oil is used as condiments in preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and vegetables.
• The oil is used as the main medium for cooking throuout northern India.
• It is also used for preparation of hair oils and medicines.
• It is used for making of soaps and in manufacture of lubricants.
• Oilseed cake is used for cattlefeed and manure.
• Green stems and leaves are a good source of fodder for cattle.
• The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables as they supply enough sulphur and minerals in the diet.
• In the tannery, industry mustard oil is used for softening leather.

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Origin And History

• Mustard or sarson as it is known in Hindi has been mentioned in the Ayurvedic Simhatas.
• Europe had the oilseeds of mustard and Rapeseed since the fifteenth century.
• 'Rai' was introduced into India from China.
• Rai spread to other Asian countries like Afghanistan from India.
• Mustard seed ands Rapeseed were grown in the 3000 BC in the Indus valley.
• The use of mustard oil is recorded in the last few centuries of the pre Christian era.
• China is the largest producer of mustard in the world.
• China, India and Pakistan grow about 90% of the world production of mustard.
• Mustard is cultivated in many countries of the World Since Olden days.
• Its discription is found in Sanskrit, Roman and Bible Scripturs and Chinese old litrature.
• Prane (1898) believes that it was grown in India before Arya era.
• D.condol (1892) believes that origin place of Mustard was eastern Europe and cybeira.
• Vabilov and Walknish says that Mustard was originated in some place of China, India and Europe.
• Bali and Sinskai (1922 and 1930) mentioned China as its origin on the basis of many Spp. Of mustard.
• Origin of Banarasi Rai (Braccica nigra) may be Uracia.
• The origin place of Toria, Rai and brown mustard is Afganistan and its neighbouring northern Western areas of Indian sub continent.
• Hillrai (Braccica Jucia) and Wild rai which is grown now a days as vegetable in Qumanu Region.
• Nepal and Bhutan was mentioned in Tibbet Itly and Spain litrature.
• Accordng to Prane (1998) its origin place can be same place in east or Meditarian sea areas and Asia or medetarian sea areas.

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Area And Production

• According to area and production both mustard stands in second place among oil seed crops of India.
• Mustard and Toria is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world.
• In World it is cultivated in India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh, Sweeden and France.
• 33.8% area of the total cultivated area of world is in India (7.49 million hectare).
• 16% of World total production is produced by India (5-6.7m.tons).
• According to area India stands first in World where as according to production it is on a second place after Canada.
• The average yield of Mustard and Toria in India is 7.5quintal per hectare.
• Other than Kerala it is grown in some areas of all the states.
• Uttar Pradesh is a leading mustard producing state of India 60% of total mustard production is from this state.
• Other than U.P it is grown on a large scale in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, Gujrat, West Bengal.
• Maximum yield of mustard (8.40 quintal / ha) is recorded in Jammu and Kashmir.

Area, Production and productivity of Mustard in the World during 2013

Country	Area in Ha	Production in Mt	Productivity (Kg/Ha)
Canada	145700	154500	1060
China	24000	17000	708
Nepal	168901	142920	846
Myanmar	105000	91000	866
Russia	109789	54682	498
Ukraine	54070	30170	558
World	703119	570193	811

Source: Faostat

Area Production and productivity of Uttar Pradesh.

Year	Area (Lakh Ha)	Production(Lakh ton)	Productivity (Qt/Ha)
2000-01	945.5	945.7	1000
2001-02	846.9	845.4	998
2002-03	847.8	759.1	895
2003-04	780.9	787.1	1008
2004-05	818.7	801.4	979
2005-06	790.2	907.8	1149
2006-07	826.9	873.8	1057
2007-08	861.8	997.3	1157
2008-09	883.5	991.9	1123
2009-10	613.0	682.0	1113
2010-11	604.0	717.0	1187
2011-12	639.0	726.0	1136

Source: DACNET

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Classification Of Rapeseed And Mustard

Commonly grown species of Rapeseed and Mustard

Species	Common Name	Local Name
Brassica juncea	Indian mustard	Rai or Laha
b.juncea	Rugosa	Pahari Rai
B.nigra	Black mustard	Banarasi Rai
B.campestrisvar.	yellow mustard	Turnip rape Yellow Sarson
B.campestris var	brown mustard	Turnip rape Brown Sarson
B.campestris var	Torai Indian rape	Toria/Lahi
B.alba	White mustard	Ujli Sarson

Yellow Sarson

• The lamina of the first two leaves are prominent upto the base of the leaf.
• The leaves are dark, glaucous and fleshy.
• The branches are erect and ascending.
• The diameter of the corolla can be 14 x 15 to 17x16 mm.
• The average length of the claw plus the blade is 10.2 mm.
• The petals are narrow with spaces between the adjacent ones.
• All the six anthers introrse in the bud and in open flower.
• The pods are thick and broad.
• The seeds are dingy white or yellow.

Brown Sarson

• The laminas of the first two leaves are partially absent in basal half.
• The leaves are pale, glaucous and thin.
• The branches are erect to spreading in habit
• The lowermost part of the stem is more or less hairy.
• The plant flowers and matures at least a fortnight later than Torai.
• The petals are generally broad and overlapping.
• The pods are thin and narrow and sometimes torulose.
• The seeds are dark brown, reddish brown and mucilaginous.

Torai

• The leaves and stem are glaborous.
• The leaves are fleshy.
• The seeds are light coloured and non-mucilaginous.
• It flowers about a week earlier than brown sarson when sown together.

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Practical Restraints The Farmer Faces In Growing Mustard

• The mustard has a cross-pollination behavior and so the improved.
• varieties do not remain stable in their yield potential.
• Diseases like Alternaria Blight and White rust cause about 10-70% damage
• Aphids alone cause about 35-73%loss in yield.
• If the crop is infested with both the pest and the disease about, 90% of loss has been recorded.
• More than 44% of the area under cultivation is Rainfed.
• Nearly 40% of the area under cultivation of mustard in U.P. alone is intercropped or mixed with wheat because of which mustard is neglected.
• Uneven plant population and patchy germination has been observed in the mustard fields, which is usually due the broadcasting method of sowing that is adopted.
• Quality seeds of the improved varieties are not available freely.
• The problems that the farmer faces are as follows:
• Non availibility of high yielding varieties.
• Poor response to the applied inputs.
• Long duration of the crop.
• Susceptibility of the crop to frost,aphids and diseases.
• The average grain yield in India is about 531 kg/ha as against 917 kg/ha yield of the world.
• The experimental plots in Punjab and Haryana have a grain yield of as high as 3000-3800 kgs/ha.
• Selection of high yielding varities of Rapeseed and mustard is tha cheapest of all the inputs involved in the cultivation.
• During the 70's and the beginning of 80's the greatrer emphasis was given on improvement of cereal and millets because of which a negligable break through in oilseed production was achieved.

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